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<p><font color="#000000"><strong>Lipidomics</strong> may be defined as the large-scale study of pathways and networks of cellular lipids in biological systems<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16052242_0-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid16902246_1-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup>. The word &quot;lipidome&quot; is used to describe the complete lipid profile within a cell, tissue or organism and is a subset of the &quot;metabolome&quot; which also includes the three other major classes of biological molecules: proteins/amino-acids, sugars and nucleic acids. Lipidomics is a relatively recent research field that has been driven by rapid advances in technologies such as mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, dual polarisation interferometry and computational methods, coupled with the recognition of the role of lipids in many metabolic diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis, stroke, hypertension and diabetes. This rapidly expanding field<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17127266_2-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup> complements the huge progress made in genomics and proteomics, all of which constitute the family of systems biology.</font></p>
<p><font color="#000000">Lipidomics research involves the identification and quantitation of the thousands of cellular lipid molecular species and their interactions with other lipids, proteins, and other metabolites. Investigators in lipidomics examine the structures, functions, interactions, and dynamics of cellular lipids and the changes that occur during perturbation of the system.</font></p>
<p><font color="#000000">Han and Gross<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12671038_3-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup> first defined the field of lipidomics through integrating the specific chemical properties inherent in lipid molecular species with a comprehensive mass spectrometric approach. Although lipidomics is under the umbrella of the more general field of &quot;metabolomics&quot;, lipidomics is itself a distinct discipline due to the uniqueness and functional specificity of lipids relative to other metabolites.</font></p>
<p><font color="#000000">In lipidomic research, a vast amount of information quantitatively describing the spatial and temporal alterations in the content and composition of different lipid molecular species is accrued after perturbation of a cell through changes in its physiological or pathological state. Information obtained from these studies facilitates mechanistic insights into changes in cellular function. Therefore, lipidomic studies play an essential role in defining the biochemical mechanisms of lipid-related disease processes through identifying alterations in cellular lipid metabolism, trafficking and homeostasis. The growing attention on lipid research is also seen from the initiatives underway of the LIPID Metabolites And Pathways Strategy (LIPID MAPS Consortium).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup> and The European Lipidomics Initiative (ELIfe)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></sup>.</font></p>
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<div style="WIDTH: 502px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="500" height="363" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lipid_examples.png/500px-Lipid_examples.png" /> </font>
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<font color="#000000">Examples of some lipids from various categories.</font></div>
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<h2><span id="Structural_Diversity_of_Lipids" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Structural Diversity of Lipids</font></span></h2>
<p><font color="#000000"><strong>Lipids</strong> are a diverse and ubiquitous group of compounds which have many key biological functions, such as acting as structural components of cell membranes, serving as energy storage sources and participating in signaling pathways. Lipids may be broadly defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic small molecules that originate entirely or in part from two distinct types of biochemical subunits or &quot;building blocks&quot;: ketoacyl and isoprene groups.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></sup>. The huge structural diversity found in lipids arises from the biosynthesis of various combinations of these building blocks. For example, glycerophospholipids are composed of a glycerol backbone linked to one of approximately 10 possible headgroups and also to 2 fatty acyl/alkyl chains, which in turn may have 30 or more different molecular structures. In practice, not all possible permutations are detected experimentally, due to chain preferences depending on the cell type and also to detection limits - nevertheless several hundred distinct glycerophospholipid molecular species have been detected in mammalian cells.</font></p>
<h2><span id="Experimental_techniques" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Experimental techniques</font></span></h2>
<h3><span id="Lipid_Extraction" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Lipid Extraction</font></span></h3>
<p><font color="#000000">Most methods of lipid extraction and isolation from biological samples exploit the high solubility of hydrocarbon chains in organic solvents.Given the diversity in lipid classes, it is not possible to accommodate all classes with a common extraction method. The traditional Bligh/Dyer procedure <sup id="cite_ref-pmid13671378_7-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup> uses chloroform/methanol-based protocols that include phase partitioning into the organic layer. These protocols work relatively well for a wide variety of physiologically relevant lipids but they have to be adapted for complex lipid chemistries and low-abundance and labile lipid metabolites <sup id="cite_ref-pmid17954211_8-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid17954212_9-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid17954213_10-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid17954216_11-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid17954215_12-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid17954214_13-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></sup>.</font></p>
<h3><span id="Lipid_Separation" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Lipid Separation</font></span></h3>
<p><font color="#000000">The simplest method of lipid separation is the use of thin layer chromatography (TLC). Although not as sensitive as other methods of lipid detection, it offers a rapid and comprehensive screening tool prior to more sensitive and sophisticated techniques. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) chromatography is useful for rapid, preparative separation of crude lipid mixtures into different lipid classes. This involves the use of prepacked columns containing silica or other stationary phases to separate glycerophospholipids, fatty acids, cholesteryl esters, glycerolipids, and sterols from crude lipid mixtures<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3973509_14-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></sup>. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC or LC) is extensively used in lipidomic analysis to separate lipids prior to mass analysis. Separation can be achieved by either normal-phase HPLC or reverse-phase HPLC. For example, normal phase HPLC effectively separates glycerophospholipids on the basis of headgroup polarity<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15380713_15-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></sup>, whereas reverse-phase HPLC effectively separates fatty acids such as eicosanoids on the basis of chain length, degree of unsaturation and substitution<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9269087_16-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></sup>. HPLC of lipids may either be performed offline or online where the eluate is integrated with the ionization source of a mass spectrometer.</font></p>
<h3><span id="Lipid_Detection" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Lipid Detection</font></span></h3>
<p><font color="#000000">The progress of modern lipidomics has been greatly accelerated by the development of spectrometric methods in general and soft ionization techniques for mass spectrometry such as electrospray ionization (ESI)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12671038_3-1" class="reference"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup> and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18751926_17-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></sup> in particular. &quot;Soft&quot; ionization does not cause extensive fragmentation, so that comprehensive detection of an entire range of lipids within a complex mixture can be correlated to experimental conditions or disease state. In addition to ESI and MALDI, the technique of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) has become increasingly popular for the analysis of nonpolar lipids<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11383683_18-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></sup>.</font></p>
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<div style="WIDTH: 452px" class="thumbinner"><font color="#000000"><img class="thumbimage" alt="" width="450" height="304" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Tandem_ms.png/450px-Tandem_ms.png" /> </font>
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<font color="#000000">Schema showing detection of a fatty acid by LC-MS/MS using a linear ion-trap instrument and an electrospray (ESI) ion source.</font></div>
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<h4><span id="ESI_MS" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">ESI MS</font></span></h4>
<p><font color="#000000">ESI-MS was initially developed by Fenn and colleagues for analysis of biomolecules<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2675315_19-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></sup>. It depends on the formation of gaseous ions from polar, thermally labile and mostly non-volatile molecules and thus is completely suitable for a variety of lipids. It is a soft-ionization method that rarely disrupts the chemical nature of the analyte prior to mass analysis. Various ESI-MS methods have been developed for analysis of different classes, subclasses, and individual lipid species from biological extracts. Comprehensive reviews of the methods and their application have recently been published<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11712255_20-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></sup>. The major advantages of ESI-MS are high accuracy, sensitivity, reproducibility, and the applicability of the technique to complex solutions without prior derivatization. Han and coworkers have developed a method known as&quot;shotgun lipidomics&quot; which involves direct infusion of a crude lipid extract into an ESI source optimized for intrasource separation of lipids based on their intrinsic electrical properties<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17954229_21-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></sup>.</font></p>
<h4><span id="MALDI_MS" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">MALDI MS</font></span></h4>
<p><font color="#000000">MALDI mass spectrometry is a laser-based soft-ionization method often used for analysis of large proteins, but has been used successfully for lipids. The lipid is mixed with a matrix, such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and applied to a sample holder as a small spot. A laser is fired at the spot, and the matrix absorbs the energy, which is then transferred to the analyte, resulting in ionization of the molecule. MALDI-Time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS has become a very promising approach for lipidomics studies, particularly for the imaging of lipids from tissue slides<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17127263_22-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></sup>.</font></p>
<h4><span id="APCI_MS" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">APCI MS</font></span></h4>
<p><font color="#000000">The source for APCI is similar to ESI except that ions are formed by the interaction of the heated analyte solvent with a corona discharge needle set at a high electrical potential. Primary ions are formed immediately surrounding the needle, and these interact with the solvent to form secondary ions that ultimately ionize the sample. APCI is particularly useful for the analysis of nonpolar lipids such as triacylglycerols, sterols, and fatty acid esters<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17981531_23-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></sup>.</font></p>
<h2><span id="Imaging_Techniques" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Imaging Techniques</font></span></h2>
<p><font color="#000000">Recent developments in MALDI methods have enabled direct detection of lipids in-situ. Abundant lipid-related ions are produced from the direct analysis of thin tissue slices when sequential spectra are acquired across a tissue surface that has been coated with a MALDI matrix. Collisional activation of the molecular ions can be used to determine the lipid family and often structurally define the molecular species. This technique enables detection of phospholipids, sphingolipids and glycerolipids in tissues such as heart, kidney and brain. Furthermore distribution of many different lipid molecular species often define anatomical regions within these tissues<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19050313_24-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></sup>.</font></p>
<h2><span id="Lipidomic_Profiling" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Lipidomic Profiling</font></span></h2>
<p><font color="#000000">Lipid profiling is a targeted metabolomics platform that provides a comprehensive analysis of lipid species within a cell or tissue. Profiling based on electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is capable of providing quantitative data and is adaptable to high throughput analyses<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></sup>. The powerful approach of transgenics, namely deletion and/or overexpression of a gene product coupled with lipidomics, can give valuable insights into the role of biochemical pathways<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14662892_26-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></sup>. Lipid profiling techniques have also been applied to plants<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16843506_27-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></sup> and microorganisms such as yeast<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16498600_28-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></sup>. A combination of quantitative lipidomic data in conjunction with the corresponding transcriptional data (using gene-array methods) and proteomic data (using tandem MS) enables a systems biology approach to a more in-depth understanding of the metabolic or signaling pathways of interest.</font></p>
<h2><span id="Informatics" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Informatics</font></span></h2>
<p><font color="#000000">A major challenge for lipidomics, in particular for MS-based approaches, lies in the computational and bioinformatic demands of handling the large amount of data that arise at various stages along the chain of information acquisition and processing<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17408502_29-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></sup>. Chromatographic and MS data collection requires substantial efforts in spectral alignment and statistical evaluation of fluctuations in signal intensities. Such variations have a multitude of origins, including biological variations, sample handling and analytical accuracy. As a consequence several replicates are normally required for reliable determination of lipid levels in complex mixtures. Within the last few years, a number of software packages have been developed by various companies and research groups to analyze data generated by MS profiling of metabolites, including lipids. The data processing for differential profiling usually proceed through several stages, including input file manipulation, spectral filtering, peak detection, chromatographic alignment, normalization, visualization, and data export. An example of metabolic profiling software is the freely-available Java-based Mzmine application<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16403790_30-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></sup>. Some software packages such as Markerview<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16808466_31-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></sup> include multivariate statistical analysis (for example, principal component analysis) and these will be helpful for the identification of correlations in lipid metabolites that are associated with a physiological phenotype, in particular for the development of lipid-based biomarkers.Another objective of the information technology side of lipidomics involves the construction of metabolic maps from data on lipid structures and lipid-related protein and genes. Some of these lipid pathways<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18477636_32-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></sup> are extremely complex, for example the mammalian glycosphingolipid pathway<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></sup>. The establishment of searchable and interactive databases<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17098933_34-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16381922_35-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></sup> of lipids and lipid-related genes/proteins is also an extremely important resource as a reference for the lipidomics community. Integration of these databases with MS and other experimental data, as well as with metabolic networks<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18213405_36-0" class="reference"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></sup> offers an opportunity to devise therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse these pathological states involving dysfunction of lipid-related processes.</font></p>
<h2><span id="References" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">References</font></span></h2>
<div class="references-small">
<ol class="references">
    <li id="cite_note-pmid16052242-0"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Wenk MR (July 2005). &quot;The emerging field of lipidomics&quot;. <em>Nat Rev Drug Discov</em> <strong>4</strong> (7): 594-610. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1038/nrd1776</span>. PMID 16052242<span class="printonly">. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd1776</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+emerging+field+of+lipidomics&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Drug+Discov&amp;rft.aulast=Wenk+MR&amp;rft.au=Wenk+MR&amp;rft.date=July+2005&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=594-610&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnrd1776&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16052242&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%2Fnrd1776&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
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    <li id="cite_note-4"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> LIPID MAPS Consortium </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-5"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> European Lipidomics Initiative </font></li>
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    <li id="cite_note-pmid17127263-22"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Schiller J, Suss R, Fuchs B, Muller M, Zschornig O, Arnold K (2007). &quot;MALDI-TOF MS in lipidomics&quot;. <em>Front. Biosci.</em> <strong>12</strong>: 2568-79. PMID 17127263.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=MALDI-TOF+MS+in+lipidomics&amp;rft.jtitle=Front.+Biosci.&amp;rft.aulast=Schiller+J%2C+Suss+R%2C+Fuchs+B%2C+Muller+M%2C+Zschornig+O%2C+Arnold+K&amp;rft.au=Schiller+J%2C+Suss+R%2C+Fuchs+B%2C+Muller+M%2C+Zschornig+O%2C+Arnold+K&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.pages=2568-79&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17127263&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid17981531-23"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Byrdwell WC (2008). &quot;Dual parallel liquid chromatography with dual mass spectrometry (LC2/MS2) for a total lipid analysis&quot;. <em>Front. Biosci.</em> <strong>13</strong>: 100-20. PMID 17981531<span class="printonly">. http://www.bioscience.org/2008/v13/af/2663/fulltext.htm</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Dual+parallel+liquid+chromatography+with+dual+mass+spectrometry+%28LC2%2FMS2%29+for+a+total+lipid+analysis&amp;rft.jtitle=Front.+Biosci.&amp;rft.aulast=Byrdwell+WC&amp;rft.au=Byrdwell+WC&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=100-20&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17981531&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioscience.org%2F2008%2Fv13%2Faf%2F2663%2Ffulltext.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid19050313-24"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Murphy RC, Hankin JA, Barkley RM (December 2008). &quot;Imaging of lipid species by MALDI mass spectrometry&quot;. <em>J. Lipid Res.</em>. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1194/jlr.R800051-JLR200</span>. PMID 19050313<span class="printonly">. http://www.jlr.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=19050313</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Imaging+of+lipid+species+by+MALDI+mass+spectrometry&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Lipid+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Murphy+RC%2C+Hankin+JA%2C+Barkley+RM&amp;rft.au=Murphy+RC%2C+Hankin+JA%2C+Barkley+RM&amp;rft.date=December+2008&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1194%2Fjlr.R800051-JLR200&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/19050313&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jlr.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D19050313&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-25"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> Lipid profiling of a mouse macrophage cell line (LIPID MAPS) </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid14662892-26"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Serhan CN, Jain A, Marleau S, Clish C, Kantarci A, Behbehani B, Colgan SP, Stahl GL, Merched A, Petasis NA, Chan L, Van Dyke TE (December 2003). &quot;Reduced inflammation and tissue damage in transgenic rabbits overexpressing 15-lipoxygenase and endogenous anti-inflammatory lipid mediators&quot;. <em>J. Immunol.</em> <strong>171</strong> (12): 6856-65. PMID 14662892<span class="printonly">. http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14662892</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Reduced+inflammation+and+tissue+damage+in+transgenic+rabbits+overexpressing+15-lipoxygenase+and+endogenous+anti-inflammatory+lipid+mediators&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Immunol.&amp;rft.aulast=Serhan+CN%2C+Jain+A%2C+Marleau+S%2C+Clish+C%2C+Kantarci+A%2C+Behbehani+B%2C+Colgan+SP%2C+Stahl+GL%2C+Merched+A%2C+Petasis+NA%2C+Chan+L%2C+Van+Dyke+TE&amp;rft.au=Serhan+CN%2C+Jain+A%2C+Marleau+S%2C+Clish+C%2C+Kantarci+A%2C+Behbehani+B%2C+Colgan+SP%2C+Stahl+GL%2C+Merched+A%2C+Petasis+NA%2C+Chan+L%2C+Van+Dyke+TE&amp;rft.date=December+2003&amp;rft.volume=171&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=6856-65&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/14662892&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jimmunol.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14662892&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid16843506-27"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Devaiah SP, Roth MR, Baughman E, Li M, Tamura P, Jeannotte R, Welti R, Wang X (September 2006). &quot;Quantitative profiling of polar glycerolipid species from organs of wild-type Arabidopsis and a phospholipase Dalpha1 knockout mutant&quot;. <em>Phytochemistry</em> <strong>67</strong> (17): 1907-24. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.06.005</span>. PMID 16843506<span class="printonly">. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031-9422(06)00321-9</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Quantitative+profiling+of+polar+glycerolipid+species+from+organs+of+wild-type+Arabidopsis+and+a+phospholipase+Dalpha1+knockout+mutant&amp;rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&amp;rft.aulast=Devaiah+SP%2C+Roth+MR%2C+Baughman+E%2C+Li+M%2C+Tamura+P%2C+Jeannotte+R%2C+Welti+R%2C+Wang+X&amp;rft.au=Devaiah+SP%2C+Roth+MR%2C+Baughman+E%2C+Li+M%2C+Tamura+P%2C+Jeannotte+R%2C+Welti+R%2C+Wang+X&amp;rft.date=September+2006&amp;rft.volume=67&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=1907-24&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2006.06.005&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16843506&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0031-9422%2806%2900321-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid16498600-28"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Ejsing CS, Moehring T, Bahr U, Duchoslav E, Karas M, Simons K, Shevchenko A (March 2006). &quot;Collision-induced dissociation pathways of yeast sphingolipids and their molecular profiling in total lipid extracts: a study by quadrupole TOF and linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometry&quot;. <em>J Mass Spectrom</em> <strong>41</strong> (3): 372-89. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1002/jms.997</span>. PMID 16498600<span class="printonly">. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jms.997</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Collision-induced+dissociation+pathways+of+yeast+sphingolipids+and+their+molecular+profiling+in+total+lipid+extracts%3A+a+study+by+quadrupole+TOF+and+linear+ion+trap-orbitrap+mass+spectrometry&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Mass+Spectrom&amp;rft.aulast=Ejsing+CS%2C+Moehring+T%2C+Bahr+U%2C+Duchoslav+E%2C+Karas+M%2C+Simons+K%2C+Shevchenko+A&amp;rft.au=Ejsing+CS%2C+Moehring+T%2C+Bahr+U%2C+Duchoslav+E%2C+Karas+M%2C+Simons+K%2C+Shevchenko+A&amp;rft.date=March+2006&amp;rft.volume=41&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=372-89&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fjms.997&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16498600&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2Fjms.997&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid17408502-29"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Yetukuri L, Katajamaa M, Medina-Gomez G, Sepp&auml;nen-Laakso T, Vidal-Puig A, Oresic M (2007). &quot;Bioinformatics strategies for lipidomics analysis: characterization of obesity related hepatic steatosis&quot;. <em>BMC Syst Biol</em> <strong>1</strong>: 12. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1186/1752-0509-1-12</span>. PMID 17408502. PMC 1839890<span class="printonly">. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1752-0509/1/12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Bioinformatics+strategies+for+lipidomics+analysis%3A+characterization+of+obesity+related+hepatic+steatosis&amp;rft.jtitle=BMC+Syst+Biol&amp;rft.aulast=Yetukuri+L%2C+Katajamaa+M%2C+Medina-Gomez+G%2C+Sepp%C3%A4nen-Laakso+T%2C+Vidal-Puig+A%2C+Oresic+M&amp;rft.au=Yetukuri+L%2C+Katajamaa+M%2C+Medina-Gomez+G%2C+Sepp%C3%A4nen-Laakso+T%2C+Vidal-Puig+A%2C+Oresic+M&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=12&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2F1752-0509-1-12&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17408502&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomedcentral.com%2F1752-0509%2F1%2F12&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid16403790-30"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Katajamaa M, Miettinen J, Oresic M (March 2006). &quot;MZmine: toolbox for processing and visualization of mass spectrometry based molecular profile data&quot;. <em>Bioinformatics</em> <strong>22</strong> (5): 634-6. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1093/bioinformatics/btk039</span>. PMID 16403790<span class="printonly">. http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16403790</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=MZmine%3A+toolbox+for+processing+and+visualization+of+mass+spectrometry+based+molecular+profile+data&amp;rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&amp;rft.aulast=Katajamaa+M%2C+Miettinen+J%2C+Oresic+M&amp;rft.au=Katajamaa+M%2C+Miettinen+J%2C+Oresic+M&amp;rft.date=March+2006&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=634-6&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtk039&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16403790&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16403790&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid16808466-31"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Lutz U, Lutz RW, Lutz WK (July 2006). &quot;Metabolic profiling of glucuronides in human urine by LC-MS/MS and partial least-squares discriminant analysis for classification and prediction of gender&quot;. <em>Anal. Chem.</em> <strong>78</strong> (13): 4564-71. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1021/ac0522299</span>. PMID 16808466<span class="printonly">. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac0522299</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Metabolic+profiling+of+glucuronides+in+human+urine+by+LC-MS%2FMS+and+partial+least-squares+discriminant+analysis+for+classification+and+prediction+of+gender&amp;rft.jtitle=Anal.+Chem.&amp;rft.aulast=Lutz+U%2C+Lutz+RW%2C+Lutz+WK&amp;rft.au=Lutz+U%2C+Lutz+RW%2C+Lutz+WK&amp;rft.date=July+2006&amp;rft.volume=78&amp;rft.issue=13&amp;rft.pages=4564-71&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fac0522299&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16808466&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1021%2Fac0522299&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid18477636-32"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Okuda S, Yamada T, Hamajima M, Itoh M, Katayama T, Bork P, Goto S, Kanehisa M (July 2008). &quot;KEGG Atlas mapping for global analysis of metabolic pathways&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Res.</em> <strong>36</strong> (Web Server issue): W423-6. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1093/nar/gkn282</span>. PMID 18477636. PMC 2447737<span class="printonly">. http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=18477636</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=KEGG+Atlas+mapping+for+global+analysis+of+metabolic+pathways&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Okuda+S%2C+Yamada+T%2C+Hamajima+M%2C+Itoh+M%2C+Katayama+T%2C+Bork+P%2C+Goto+S%2C+Kanehisa+M&amp;rft.au=Okuda+S%2C+Yamada+T%2C+Hamajima+M%2C+Itoh+M%2C+Katayama+T%2C+Bork+P%2C+Goto+S%2C+Kanehisa+M&amp;rft.date=July+2008&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=Web+Server+issue&amp;rft.pages=W423-6&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkn282&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18477636&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D18477636&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-33"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> SphingoMAP </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid17098933-34"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Sud M, Fahy E, Cotter D, Brown A, Dennis EA, Glass CK, Merrill AH, Murphy RC, Raetz CR, Russell DW, Subramaniam S (January 2007). &quot;LMSD: LIPID MAPS structure database&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Res.</em> <strong>35</strong> (Database issue): D527-32. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1093/nar/gkl838</span>. PMID 17098933. PMC 1669719<span class="printonly">. http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17098933</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=LMSD%3A+LIPID+MAPS+structure+database&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Sud+M%2C+Fahy+E%2C+Cotter+D%2C+Brown+A%2C+Dennis+EA%2C+Glass+CK%2C+Merrill+AH%2C+Murphy+RC%2C+Raetz+CR%2C+Russell+DW%2C+Subramaniam+S&amp;rft.au=Sud+M%2C+Fahy+E%2C+Cotter+D%2C+Brown+A%2C+Dennis+EA%2C+Glass+CK%2C+Merrill+AH%2C+Murphy+RC%2C+Raetz+CR%2C+Russell+DW%2C+Subramaniam+S&amp;rft.date=January+2007&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=Database+issue&amp;rft.pages=D527-32&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkl838&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/17098933&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17098933&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid16381922-35"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Cotter D, Maer A, Guda C, Saunders B, Subramaniam S (January 2006). &quot;LMPD: LIPID MAPS proteome database&quot;. <em>Nucleic Acids Res.</em> <strong>34</strong> (Database issue): D507-10. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1093/nar/gkj122</span>. PMID 16381922. PMC 1347484<span class="printonly">. http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16381922</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=LMPD%3A+LIPID+MAPS+proteome+database&amp;rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&amp;rft.aulast=Cotter+D%2C+Maer+A%2C+Guda+C%2C+Saunders+B%2C+Subramaniam+S&amp;rft.au=Cotter+D%2C+Maer+A%2C+Guda+C%2C+Saunders+B%2C+Subramaniam+S&amp;rft.date=January+2006&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=Database+issue&amp;rft.pages=D507-10&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkj122&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/16381922&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16381922&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
    <li id="cite_note-pmid18213405-36"><font color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <span class="citation">Yetukuri L, Ekroos K, Vidal-Puig A, Oresic M (February 2008). &quot;Informatics and computational strategies for the study of lipids&quot;. <em>Mol Biosyst</em> <strong>4</strong> (2): 121-7. doi:<span class="neverexpand">10.1039/b715468b</span>. PMID 18213405<span class="printonly">. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b715468b</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Informatics+and+computational+strategies+for+the+study+of+lipids&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Biosyst&amp;rft.aulast=Yetukuri+L%2C+Ekroos+K%2C+Vidal-Puig+A%2C+Oresic+M&amp;rft.au=Yetukuri+L%2C+Ekroos+K%2C+Vidal-Puig+A%2C+Oresic+M&amp;rft.date=February+2008&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=121-7&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1039%2Fb715468b&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/18213405&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1039%2Fb715468b&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Lipidomics"><span style="DISPLAY: none">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span id="See_also" class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2>
<ul>
    <li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipids">Lipids</a> </li>
    <li><a title="Metabolomics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolomics">Metabolomics</a> </li>
    <li><a title="Lipid signaling" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_signaling">Lipid signaling</a> </li>
    <li><a title="Systems biology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology">Systems biology</a> </li>
</ul>
<h2><span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lipidmaps.org/">LIPID MAPS</a> - LIPID MAPS Consortium </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lipidomics.net/">European Lipidomics Initiative (ELIfe)</a> - European research resource for lipid biochemistry. </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.k-state.edu/lipid/lipidomics/">Kansas Lipidomics Research Center</a> - Kansas Lipidomics Research Center </li>
    <li><a class="external text" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.lipidlibrary.co.uk/">Lipid library</a> - Lipid library </li>
</ul>
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